Assessment of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass., Asteraceae, aqueous extract

The present work investigated the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of the Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass., Asteraceae, aqueous extract (PRAE). For this purpose, acetic acid writhing, paw licking induced by formalin, hot-plate and pleurisy tests were performed. The doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.) significantly inhibited the writhing 63.4, 89.6 and 94.8 percent, respectively, in comparison with control group. The lick of the paw 1st phase was reduced at the dose of 400 mg/ kg (24.9 percent), while the 2nd phase had reduction at doses 200 and 400 mg/ kg (23.1 and 34.4 percent), respectively. The PRAE inhibited the carrageenaninduced neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity in a higher dose (p<0.05). Taken together, our results suggest that the PRAE can constitute target potential for use in therapies of the pain and inflammation.

Enteroscopia doble balón y videocápsula endoscópica en el diagnóstico de patologías del intestino delgado: hospital universitario de maracaibo. 2007-2010 / Double-balloon enteroscopy and endoscopic video capsule in the diagnosis of diseases of the small intestine: maracaibo university hospital. 2007-2010

Introducción: La Enteroscopia Doble Balón (EDB) y la Videocápsula Endoscópica (VCE) se introdujeron en el Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo desde 2007 y 2008, respectivamente. Se analizó y comparó el desempeño de estas pruebas para diagnosticar enfermedades del intestino delgado. Pacientes y Métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente los casos sometidos a EDB superior (EDBS), EDB inferior (EDBI) y/o VCE, desde su implementación hasta enero de 2010. Resultados: En 94 casos (55 ♂ y 39 ♀; 10-89 años) se realizaron 155 procedimientos: 52 EDBS, 8 EDBI, 16 VCE y 79 procedimientos combinados. Indicaciones predominantes: Hemorragia de origen oscuro, hemorragia digestiva superior o inferior, anemia, diarrea crónica y sospecha de tumoración intestinal. Visualización completa del tracto entérico: 86,7% (EDBS), 57,7% (EDBI) y 100% (VCE). Biopsias, terapias y/o cromomarcaje: 58,2% (EDBS) y 23,1% (EDBI). Diagnósticos endoscópicos predominantes: Malformaciones vasculares, enteropatías de aspecto parasitario, neoplasias malignas, enteropatías ulcerosas y erosivas. Concordancia indicación/diagnóstico: 74,3% (EDBS), 57,7% (EDBI) y 70% (VCE). Conclusiones: La EDB y la VCE constituyen herramientas eficientes con ventajas particulares para diagnosticar patologías del intestino delgado: La EDB permite realizar procedimientos adicionales; la VCE ofrece mayor probabilidad de visualizar todo el tracto entérico. En casos concretos, combinar estar pruebas podría aumentar su eficiencia diagnóstica y terapéutica.

Introduction: Double Balloon Enteroscopy (DBE) and Endoscopic Viocapsule (EVC) were introduced in the University Hospital of Maracaibo since 2007 and 2008, respectively. Their performance in diagnosing small bowel diseases were analyzed and compared. Patients and Methods: Cases undergoing upper DBE (UDBE), lower DBE (LDBE) and/or CE, were retrospectively reviewed since the introduction of these techniques, until January 2010. Results: In 94 cases (♂: 55; ♀:39; Ages: 10 to 89), 155 diagnostic procedures were performed: 52 UDBE, 8 LDBE, 16 EVC and 79 combined procedures. Predominating indications: obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, upper and/or lower gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, chronic diarrhea, and suspicion of an intestinal tumor. Full visualization of small bowel: 86.7% (UDBE), 57.7% (DBUE) and 100% (EVC). Biopsies, therapies and/or India ink tattooing: 58.2% (UDBE) and 23.1% (DBLE). Predominant endoscopic diagnoses: vascular malformations, parasitic enteropathies, malign tumor, ulcerative enteropathies and erosive enteropathies. Agreement indication/diagnosis: 74.3% (UDBE), 57.7% (LDBE) and 70% (EVC). Conclusions: DBE and EVC constitute efficient methods with particular advantages for diagnosing small bowel pathologies: DBE allows additional procedures; EVC provides a greater chance of full visualization of small intestine. In specific cases, combination of these tests could improve their diagnostic and therapeutic efficiency.

Primer consenso venezolanode enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico / Venezuelan consensus on gastroesophageal reflux diseases

El Consenso Venezolano de Enfermedad por Reflujo Gastroesófágico (ERGE) se realizó con el objeto de proveer guías para mejorar la identificación, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este trastorno en el país. Los coordinadores establecieron las líneas de consenso, basado en una revisión sistemática de la literatura médica de los últimos 15 años a partir de 1995. Participaron 55 miembros con el aval de sus respectivas cátedras y sociedades locales de gastroenterología. Éstos revisaron y presentaron los temas con sus niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación para discutirlos y votarlos en una reunión plenaria. Tras un informe final de los miembros, los coordinadores prepararon las declaraciones finales. El consenso concluyó que la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico tiene una prevalencia estimada del 11,54% en Venezuela, a predominio del sexo femenino (Grado B). El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico, basado en la presencia de síntomas típicos y/o atípicos, e incluso síntomas de alarma que sugieren alguna complicación (Grado B). La endoscopia es importante en la investigación de la presencia de esofagitis de reflujo y laringitis de reflujo (Grado B). Las otras pruebas diagnósticas como lo son la pHmetría esofágica de 24 horas con o sin impedancia intraluminal multicanal son importantes en los pacientes que no tienen esofagitis, tienen síntomas atípicos o cuando hay falla en la respuesta al tratamiento médico (Grado B). La radiología, manometría esofágica y el ultrasonido endoscópico no están indicados en el diagnóstico de la ERGE (Grado B). El objetivo del tratamiento es reducir la exposición ácida en el esófago y con esto: aliviar los síntomas, cicatrizar las lesiones en la mucosa esofágica, prevenir la recurrencia y las complicaciones. Los inhibidores de bomba de protones deberían ser la primera opción en el tratamiento en el síndrome de ERGE y en la esofagitis por reflujo tanto en la fase aguda como durante el mantenimiento...

The Venezuelan Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Consensus was carried out in order to provide guidelines to improve the identification, diagnosis and treatment of this illness in Venezuela.  The coordinators established the consensuslines, based on a systematic revision of the medical literature of the last 15 years starting from 1995. 55 physicians participated with the support of their respective medical schools and local societies. They revised and presented the topics with their respective evidence levels and recommendation grades to discuss and vote them in a plenary meeting. After a final report of the members, the coordinators prepared the definitive declarations. The consensus concluded that GERD prevalence in Venezuela is 11,54%, higher in women than men (Grade B). The diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the presence of typical and/or atypical symptoms and alarm symptoms that may suggest the presence of complications (Grade B). Endoscopy is important when reflux esophagitis and laryngitis are present (Grade B). Other diagnostic tests as ambulatory 24 hours pH monitoring with or without multichannel intraluminal impedance are important in patients without esophagitis, with atypical symptoms or when there is flaw in the answer to the medical treatment (Grade B). Radiology, esophageal manometry and endoscopic ultrasonography are not indicated in the diagnosis of GERD (Grade B). The objective of the treatment is to reduce the presence of acid in the esophagus and consequently: alleviate the symptoms and heal lesions in the esophagus mucosa to prevent recurrence and complications. Proton pump inhibitors should be the first option drug in the treatment of GERD syndrome andin esophagitis during the acute and the maintenance phase using standard or half dose (Grade A). So far, pokinetics are drugs with a limited use in GERD patients; they stimulate the esophagus/gastric motility...

Therapeutic benefits of Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn., Sapotaceae, in experimental models of pain and inflammation / Benefícios terapêuticos da Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn., Sapotaceae, em modelos experimentais de dor e inflamação

Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn., Sapotaceae, is a plant with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities used in folk medicine. In order to evaluate the actions of this plant, studies were performed on antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities with the ethanol extract (EE) of inner bark (100-400 mg/kg). Oral treatment with the EE elicited inhibitory activity (200 and 400 mg/kg, p<0.01) on acetic acid effect and reduced (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p<0.001) the formalin effect at the second-phase, however it did not elicit any inhibitory effect on hot-plate test. Carrageenan-induced oedema formation and leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity were reduced with the EE at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (p<0.001). In conclusion, the EE of Sideroxylon obtusifolium shows antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the folkloric usage of the plant to treat pain and various inflammatory diseases.

A Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn., Sapotaceae, é utilizada na medicina popular em processos dolorosos e inflamatórios. Para avaliar as atividades analgésica e anti-inflamatória desta planta, estudos foram realizados com o extrato etanólico (EE) da entrecasca (100-400 mg/kg). O tratamento oral único dos animais com o EE inibiu (200 e 400 mg/kg, p<0,01) o efeito do ácido acético e reduziu (100, 200 e 400 mg/kg, p<0,001) o efeito da formalina na segunda fase; entretanto, não apresentou efeito no teste da placa quente. A formação de edema e a migração de leucócitos para a cavidade peritoneal induzidas pela carragenina foram reduzidas pelo tratamento com o EE (100, 200 e 400 mg/kg, p<0,001). Desta forma conclui-se que o EE da Sideroxylon obtusifolium apresenta atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória, suportando seu uso popular no tratamento da dor e de doenças inflamatórias.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil of Eugenia candolleana DC., Myrtaceae, on mice / Efeito antinociceptivo e antiinflamatório do óleo essencial de Eugenia candolleana DC. (Myrtaceae) em roedores

Eugenia candolleana DC. (Myrtaceae), commonly known as "murta" or "murtinha", is a plant species without any chemical or pharmacological study described in the literature. It has been popularly used for the treatment of pain and fever. This report aimed to investigate the possible antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil extracted from fresh leaves of Eugenia candolleana DC. (EOEc) in rodents. Following intraperitoneal injection, EOEc (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) reduced the number of writhes significantly in a writhing test and the number of paw licks during phase two of formalin test (p < 0.001). However, administration of EOEc did not alter the time of reaction in hot plate test. Furthermore, EOEc inhibited (p < 0.01) the carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity. These results indicate antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of EOEc probably mediated via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis or other peripherally pathway.

Eugenia candolleana DC. (Myrtaceae), conhecida popularmente como "murta" ou "murtinha", é uma espécie vegetal sem estudos químicos e farmacológicos descritos na literatura, distribuída no Nordeste brasileiro, principalmente, na Zona da Mata. Na medicina popular do Estado de Sergipe é utilizada no tratamento de distúrbios febris e da dor. O presente estudo buscou avaliar as possíveis atividades antinociceptiva e antiinflamatória do óleo essencial extraído das folhas de E. candolleana DC (OEEc) em roedores. A administração intraperitoneal (i.p.) do OEEc (25, 50 e 100 mg/kg) reduziu significativamente o número de contorções no teste das contorções abdominais e a duração da lambida da pata na segunda fase do teste da formalina (p < 0,001). Entretanto, a administração do OEEc não alterou o tempo de reação no teste da placa quente. No experimento de peritonite induzido por carragenina, o OEEc reduziu de forma significativa (p < 0,01) a migração de leucócitos para a cavidade peritoneal. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o OEEc possui ação antinociceptiva, provavelmente mediado por mecanismos periféricos, e ação antiinflamatória.

Formas de presentación de la enfermedad diverticular en los pacientes del servicio de gastroenterología del Sahum

El propósito del estudio fue identificar las formas de presentación más frecuentes con que cursan los pacientes con enfermedad diverticular que son atendidos en el SAHUM, en el período 2003 - 2006. Se realizó una revisión de historias clínicas de pacientes con enfermedad diverticular ambulatorios u hospitalizados, que fueron diagnosticados a través de colonoscopia o métodos de imagenes, cuyos datos fueron reportados en una ficha derecolección diseñada en función de las variables del estudio. Conclusiones: la forma mas frecuente de presentación de la enfermedad diverticular fue la simple con cerca de un 50 %, además es importante resaltar que la hemorragia digestiva inferior secundaria a esta enfermedad presento una incidencia elevada comparada con la reportada a nivel mundial.

The purpose of the study was to identify the forms of presentation more frequently found in patients with diverticular disease treated at the SAHUM, in the period 2003-2006. We made a revision of clinical histories of patients with diverticular disease ambulatory or hospitalized, who were diagnosed through colonoscopy or other imaging methods, whose data were reported in a card of data collection in function of the variables of the study. Conclusions: the presentation form most frequent of the diverticular disease was the simple one with close to 50%, moreover is important to stand out that lower digestive haemorrhage secondary to this disease presented a high incidence compared with the one reported at world level.

Avaliação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória de crianças com displasia broncopulmonar / Cardiorespiratory capacity assessment on children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e verificar a presença de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (BIE) em crianças com displasia broncopulmonar (DBP). MÉTODO: Foram realizadas prova de função pulmonar e análise de gases em um teste cardiopulmonar, em 46 crianças com idade entre 7 a 10 anos, formando três grupos: crianças nascidas pré-termo com DBP, (DBP, n= 13); crianças nascidas pré-termo sem DBP, (RNPT, n= 13); e crianças saudáveis nascidas a termo, (Controle, n= 20). RESULTADOS: A duração dos testes foi 7,70 ± 1,49; 9,1 ± 2,02 e 8,4 ± 2,12 min; o VO2máximo foi 35,98 ± 5,33; 38,99 ± 6,73 e 34,91 ± 6,09 ml/kg/min; e a VE foi 28,54 ± 7,39; 28,84 ± 5,98 e 28,96 ± 6,96 l/min para os grupos DBP, RNPT e Controle, respectivamente. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre os grupos (p> 0,05). A FCmáxima foi 188 ± 9,37; 196 ± 5,15 e 197 ± 10,90 bpm; a taxa de troca gasosa máxima (R) foi 1,21 ± 0,22; 1,10 ± 0,06 e 1,05 ± 0,05 para os grupos DBP, RNPT e Controle, respectivamente, sendo esses valores diferentes entre o grupo Controle e DBP (p< 0,05). Os valores do VEF1 pré e VEF1 pós-exercício foram de 99 ± 12 por cento e 94 ± 14 por cento; 100 ± 14 por cento e 100 ± 15 por cento; e 102 ± 15 por cento e 101 ± 15 por cento, para os grupos DBP, RNPT e Controle, respectivamente. Na comparação do VEF1 pré e pós-exercício não houve diferenças significantes e nem caracterização de BIE nos grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A diferença encontrada no R pode ser relacionada a alterações ventilatórias e à difusão pulmonar. A aptidão cardiorrespiratória das crianças com DBP é semelhante à dos grupos RNPT e Controle.

OBJECTIVE: To assess cardiorespiratory capacity and investigate the presence of exercise-induced bronchospasm among children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. METHOD: Pulmonary function tests and gas analyses were performed in a cardiopulmonary test on 46 children aged 7-10 years. Three groups were formed: children born prematurely with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD; n= 13), children born prematurely without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (Preterm; n= 13) and healthy children born at full term (Control; n= 20). RESULTS: The test duration was 7.70 ± 1.49; 9.1 ± 2.02 and 8.4 ± 2.12 min; VO2max was 35.98 ± 5.33; 38.99 ± 6.73 and 34.91 ± 6.09 ml/kg/min; and VE was 28.54 ± 7.39; 28.84 ± 5.98 and 28.96 ± 6.96 l/min for the BPD, Preterm and Control groups respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups (p> 0.05). The maximum heart rate was 188 ± 9.37; 196 ± 5.15 and 197 ± 10.90 beats/min and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was 1.21 ± 0.22; 1.10 ± 0.06 and 1.05 ± 0.05, for the BPD, Preterm and Control groups respectively, and there was a significant difference between the BPD and Control groups (p< 0.05). The FEV1 values before and after exercise were 99 ± 12 percent and 94 ± 14 percent; 100 ± 14 percent and 100 ± 15 percent; and 102 ± 15 percent and 101 ± 15 percent, for the BPD, Preterm and Control groups respectively. Comparison of FEV1 before and after exercise did not show any significant differences and exercise-induced bronchospasm was not characterized, in any of the groups. CONCLUSION: The difference in RER may be related to abnormal ventilation and pulmonary diffusion. The cardiorespiratory capacity of children with BPD was similar to that of the Preterm and Control groups.

Encuesta inmunológica en la población infantil / Immunologic survey in children in Mexico city

Se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de la reacción de fijación en superficie aplicada al diagnóstico de infecciones por Salmonella Typhosa. Esta reacción a la luz de nuestros datos, demostró ser útil (con alto grado de especificidad) en la detección de anticuerpos contra S. thyphosa, existiendo sin embargo, reacciones cruzadas con salmonelas que poseen antígenos somáticos otras salmonelosis, shigelosis, o infecciones por Escherichia coli, tampoco se les encontró en 104 pacientes con diversos padecimientos infecciosos distintos de fiebre tifoidea. El 100 por ciento de 12 conejos inmunizados con S. typhosa presentó reacción de fijación en superficie positiva, así como el 99 por ciento de 102 niños con tifoidea comprobada bacteriológicamente. En este último grupo, la reacción se hizo positiva, en el 95 por ciento de los casos, desde la primera semana de evolución aparente del padecimiento y empezó a negativizarse a partir del segundo mes. Con la misma reacción se practicó investigación de anticuerpos contra S. typhosa en 2,698 niños aparentemente sanos residentes en el distrito Federal, provenientes de 3 estratos socioeconómicos. El 19.2 por ciento reveló tener anticuerpos, pero dicho porcentaje varió de acuerdo con las condiciones de saneamiento, del 7.5 por ciento en las zonas donde era satisfactorio, al 35.5 por ciento en donde era pésimo. La proporción de positivos aumentó con la edad, obteniéndose el mayor incremento a partir de los 6 años, edad en que entran a la escuela. Se fijan los límites de intensidad de la reacción de fijación en superficie, a partir de los cuales se le pueden dar valor diagnóstico en fiebre tifoidea. Esto se hizo con base a los resultados de la encuesta, tomando en cuenta el número de reactores positivos no tifoídicos, según la edad y el estrato socioeconómico